A House Cat
House cat is one of the world's greatest predators. These cats can kill or take a few thousand species. But because of its small size, cats are not dangerous to humans-the only danger that can arise is the possibility of rabies infection caused by a cat bite.
Cats can be fatal to an ecosystem that is not the place to stay natural. In some cases, cats contributed to or caused extinctions. Cats catch and paralyze prey in a manner similar to the lions and tigers - prey by biting the neck of sharp canines that injure the spinal cord or cause the prey out of breath by destroying the throat.
Contoh 2
Bali Island
Bali is a province in the country of Indonesia. The island is
located in the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying
between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. It is one of the
country's 33 provinces with the provincial capital at Denpasar towards
the south of the island. The province covers a few small neighbouring
islands as well as the isle of Bali.
With a population recorded as 3,891,428 in the 2010 census,
the island is home to most of Indonesia's Hindu minority. In the 2000
census about 92.29% of Bali's population adhered to Balinese Hinduism
while most of the remainder follow Islam. It is also the largest
tourist destination in the country and is renowned for its highly
developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture,
painting, leather, metalworking, and music. Bali, a tourist haven for
decades, has seen a further surge in tourist numbers in recent years.
Bali was inhabited by around 2000 BC by Austronesian peoples who
migrated originally from Taiwan through Maritime Southeast Asia. Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are thus closely related to
the peoples of the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, the Philippines,
and Oceania. Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west. In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, namely Pasupata, Bhairawa,
Siwa Shidanta, Waisnawa, Bodha, Brahma, Resi, Sora and Ganapatya. Each
sect revered a specific deity as its personal Godhead.
Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and
particularly Hindu culture, beginning around the 1st century AD. The
name Bali dwipa ("Bali island") has been discovered from various
inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri
Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD and mentioning "Walidwipa". It was during
this time that the complex irrigation system subak
was developed to grow rice. Some religious and cultural traditions
still in existence today can be traced back to this period. The Hindu Majapahit Empire (1293–1520 AD) on eastern Java
founded a Balinese colony in 1343. When the empire declined, there was
an exodus of intellectuals, artists, priests, and musicians from Java to
Bali in the 15th century.
Bali was inhabited by around 2000 BC by Austronesian peoples who
migrated originally from Taiwan through Maritime Southeast Asia. Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are thus closely related to
the peoples of the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, the Philippines,
and Oceania. Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west.
In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, namely Pasupata, Bhairawa,
Siwa Shidanta, Waisnawa, Bodha, Brahma, Resi, Sora and Ganapatya. Each
sect revered a specific deity as its personal Godhead.
Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and
particularly Hindu culture, beginning around the 1st century AD. The
name Bali dwipa ("Bali island") has been discovered from various
inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri
Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD and mentioning "Walidwipa". It was during
this time that the complex irrigation system subak
was developed to grow rice. Some religious and cultural traditions
still in existence today can be traced back to this period. The Hindu Majapahit Empire (1293–1520 AD) on eastern Java
founded a Balinese colony in 1343. When the empire declined, there was
an exodus of intellectuals, artists, priests, and musicians from Java to
Bali in the 15th century.
In the 1930s, anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, and
artists Miguel Covarrubias and Walter Spies, and musicologist Colin
McPhee
created a western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of aesthetes at
peace with themselves and nature", and western tourism first developed
on the island.
Imperial Japan
occupied Bali during World War II. Bali Island was not originally a
target in their Netherlands East Indies Campaign, but as the airfields
on Borneo were inoperative due to heavy rains the Imperial Japanese Army
decided to occupy Bali, which did not suffer from comparable weather.
The island had no regular Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL)
troops. There was only a Native Auxiliary Corps Prajoda
(Korps Prajoda) consisting of about 600 native soldiers and several
Dutch KNIL officers under command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P.
Roodenburg. On 19 February 1942 the Japanese forces landed near the town
of Senoer. The island was quickly captured.
During the Japanese occupation a Balinese military officer, Gusti Ngurah Rai,
formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. The lack of institutional changes
from the time of Dutch rule however, and the harshness of war
requisitions made Japanese rule little better than the Dutch one. Following
Japan's Pacific surrender in August 1945, the Dutch promptly
returned to Indonesia, including Bali, immediately to reinstate their
pre-war colonial administration. This was resisted by the Balinese
rebels now using Japanese weapons. On 20 November 1946, the Battle of
Marga
was fought in Tabanan in central Bali. Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai, by
then 29 years old, finally rallied his forces in east Bali at Marga
Rana, where they made a suicide attack
on the heavily armed Dutch. The Balinese battalion was entirely wiped
out, breaking the last thread of Balinese military resistance. In 1946
the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of
the newly proclaimed State of East Indonesia, a rival state to the
Republic of Indonesia which was proclaimed and headed by Sukarno and
Hatta.
Bali was included in the "Republic of the United States of Indonesia"
when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December
1949.
The 1963 eruption of Mount Agung killed thousands, created economic havoc and forced many displaced Balinese to be transmigrated
to other parts of Indonesia. Mirroring the widening of social divisions
across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict
between supporters of the traditional caste system, and those rejecting
these traditional values. Politically, this was represented by opposing
supporters of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and the Indonesian
Nationalist Party (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling further increased
by the PKI's land reform programs. An
attempted coup in Jakarta was put down by forces led by General
Suharto. The army became the dominant power as it instigated a violent
anti-communist purge,
in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest
that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an
estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's
population.[14] With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords led the extermination of PKI members.
As a result of the 1965/66 upheavals, Suharto was able to manoeuvre Sukarno out of the presidency, and his "New Order"
government reestablished relations with western countries. The pre-War
Bali as "paradise" was revived in a modern form, and the resulting large
growth in tourism has led to a dramatic increase in Balinese standards
of living and significant foreign exchange earned for the country. A
bombing in 2002 by militant Islamists in the tourist area of Kuta
killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and another in 2005,
severely affected tourism, bringing much economic hardship to the
island, although tourist numbers have now returned to levels before the
bombings.
Contoh 3
Eid-ul-Fitr (Hari Raya Idul Fitri)
Eid-ul-Fitr, "Eid-ul-fitr", Eid al-Fitr, Id-ul-Fitr, or Id al-Fitr (Arabic: عيد الفطر ‘Īdu l-Fiṭr), often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim holiday that marks the end of Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting (sawm). The religious Eid is a single day and Muslims are not permitted to fast that day. Eid is an Arabic word meaning "festivity", while Fiṭr
means "breaking the fast". The holiday celebrates the conclusion of the
29 or 30 days of dawn-to-sunset fasting during the entire month of
Ramadan. The day of Eid, therefore, falls on the first day of the month
Shawwal. This is a day where Muslims around the world try to show a
common goal of unity.
Eid al-Fitr has a particular salat (Islamic prayer) consisting of two raka'ah (units) and generally offered in an open field or large hall. It may only be performed in congregation (Jama’at) and has an additional extra six Takbirs
(raising of the hands to the ears while saying "Allahu Akbar" [God is
Great]), three of them in the beginning of the first raka'ah and three
of them just before ruku' in the second raka'ah in the Hanafi school. This Eid al-Fitr salat is, depending on which juristic opinion is followed, Fard (obligatory), Mustahabb (strongly recommended, just short of obligatory) or mandoob (preferable).
Muslims believe that they are commanded by God, as mentioned in the Qur'an, to continue their fast until the last day of Ramadan and pay the Zakat and fitra before doing the Eid prayer.
Eid ul-Fitr goes by various names around the world, including:
Idul Fitri, Hari Lebaran (Indonesian); Hari Raya Puasa, Hari Lebaran,
Aidilfitri (Malay); Wakas ng Ramadan, Hari Raya Puasa, Pagtatapos ng
Pag-aayuno (Filipino); Nonbu Perunaal (Tamil); Ngaidul Fitri (Javanese);
Boboran Siyam (Sundanese); Uroë Raya Puasa (Acehnese); রোজার ঈদ (Rojar
Eid) (Bengali); Ramazan Bayramı, Şeker Bayramı, Küçük Bayram (Turkish);
Ramazan Bayramı, Orucluq Bayramı (Azerbaijan); Ураза байрам, Uraza
bayram (Tatar); Ораза айт (Oraza ait) (Kazakh), Orozo Mayram (Kyrgyz);
Rozi Heyt (Uyghur); Eid Nimaz (Sindhi); Korite (Senegal); Id (Uganda);
Sallah (Hausa); Kochnay hi supAkhtar (کوچنی اختر) (Pashto); Eid-e
Sa'eed-e Fitr (The Mirthful Festival of Fitr, Persian); Choti Eid,
Meethi Eid (Urdu); Cheriya Perunnal (Malayalam); Ramazanski bajram
(Bosnian); Bajram (Albanian); Cejna Remezanê (Kurdish); Ramazanski
bajram (Croatian); Праздник Нарушения Поста (Russian); Рамазански бајрам
(Serbian); Fiesta de la ruptura del ayuno (Spanish); Рамазан Бајрам
(Macedonian); Рамазан Байрам (Bulgarian); Ciid Yare (Somali); Id
al-Fater (Ethiopia); Oraza baýramy (Turkmen); Suikerfeest (Dutch); עיד
אל-פיטר (Hebrew); 开斋的盛宴 (Mandarin).
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